Patient with Ovarian New Growth free essay sample

Nursing Management of Patient with Ovarian New Growth S. ,M. she is a 49 year old female, and nulligravida, under Dr. Cabanela. S. ,M admitted that she smokes and drink liquor. She was diagnose with Ovarian New Growth and had her surgery last March 5, 2013 at Valenzuela Medical Center. She was admitted last March 4, 2013. At first S. ,M feels pain on her lower pelvic for two years with on and off fever. She also said that her two sisters had a history of abnormal uterine bleeding. When the patient cannot bear the pain she decided to undergo ultrasound. The patient had a surgery to remove the found cyst on her ovaries, and a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salphingo oophorectomy with frozen section was done. Often patients with ovarian new growth can feel pain and should be assessed for alteration of comfort and her pain level. Pathophysiology Ovarian New Growth has no early symptoms. We will write a custom essay sample on Patient with Ovarian New Growth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Santos (2003) explained that signs can only be felt and seen when the disease is on it’s later stage, when its already sever, when it cannot be cure. The patient may felt constant pain in the pubis area when lying on a bed when go sideward or move. It should not be treated lightly so an operation should be performed immediately to avoid further complications. Ovarian New Growth happens when there is increase in Gonadotropin , affecting the LH, the ovaries will be hyperstimulated causing a hormonal imbalance. Thus it will cause an abnormal proliferation of follicle, when the follicles fail to ovulate it will continue to grow. Cyst grows in size up to 15 cm in diameter. This result to irregular menstrual periods, abdominal girth, fatigue, sense of heaviness in the pelvis, urinary frequency, constipation and painful defecation. The cyst could rupture and result to infection. Ignatavicius(2006) noted that the risk factors include being over the age of forty, family history, diabetes mellitus, null parity, being under age of 30 years of age at first pregnancy, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and infertility. S. ,M states that her symptoms were present for two years that leads to her TAHBSO procedure. Nursing Management 3 History S. ,M a 49 year old female, nulligravida, has no any medical history. She was diagnose with Ovarian New Growth and had surgery last March 5, 2013 and admitted was March 4, 2013. The patient had a check –up twice before she decided to undergone ultrasound, but her two check-ups she was diagnose with UTI and prescribed with some medicines for UTI, but the pain is still there. After the ultrasound the reading was ovarian new growth with sonomorphologic features as described suggestive of non- benign nature. And then this ovarian new growth found is removed through a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salphingo oophorectomy. Nursing Physical Assessment S. ,M was conscious and coherent, oriented to person place and time. The patient’s vital signs are, BP of 120/80mmHg, temperature was 35. 9C, pulse rate of 88bpm, and respiratory rate of 20cpm. The patient stated her pain level was 6/10. The patient has an IV insertion site on the left arm and on going IVF of PNSS x KVO at 900 cc level during my shift. The patient’s skin was dry, warm to touch, and poor elasticity, with moderate hand movement. The patient’s surgical incision was two inches above the umbilicus out to the pubis area. There is a presence of flatus, but stated no bowel movement during my shift. Her diet was soft diet if it is positve flatus and on DAT diet if there is pisitive bowel movement. The frequency of her urine output was 2x during my shift. S. ,M appeared pale and thin with generalized body weakness, her hair is well groom and have no foul smell. The patient can walk from her bed to the comfort room with the assistance of her watcher. Nursing Management 4 Related Treatment The patient has no allergies on latex, iodne, or adhesive and is using an abdominal binder for support. The patient has an IV insertion site on her left arm for the on going PNSS IVF. According to the note of Ignatavicius(2006), insertion site must be chosen carefully after consideration of skin integrity, vein condition and activities of daily living. It also stated that IV therapy involves the entire vascular system of multiple system. The patient stated her pain level is 6/10. According to Ignatavicius(2006), the Numeric Pain Distress Scale of 0-10 has 0-4 being no pin, 5-9 being the distressing pain, and 10 being unbearable pain. The patient was taking pain medication of Ketorolac bid. The physician’s order that the patient must be on soft diet if positive flatus and on DAT diet if positive bowel movement, to prevent constipation that which causes to more pain in her incision. Her other medication was Ferrous Sulfate bid (FeSO4) an iron preparation to elevates the serum iron concentration of the patient. Ascorbic Acid OD for the effective and fast absorption of the Ferrous Sulfate. Nursing Management 5 Nursing Care Plan S. ,M’s nursing diagnosis is alteration in comfort; acute pain related to post-op surgical wound as manifested by body weakness and irritable facial expresson. Patient’s appearance is pale and thin with generalized body weakness; her hair is well groom and has no foul smell with pain level of 6/10. The short term goal is to decrease the pain level from 6/10 to 4/10,and to understand the health teaching. Nursing interventions for patient include encourage do deep breathing exercise by demonstrating how to do it (every 4 hour daily with 5-10 breaths during exercise) to promotes healing of wound and decrease pain felt. Instruct patient to use relaxation techniques or to take a rest with minimal movement to distract attention and reduce tension. Encourage expression of feeling about pain because verbalization allows outlet for emotions and may enhance coping mechanism. Advised patient to eat soft foods that soften stool like papayas. Monitor vital signs for future monitoring. A dependent intervention is to administer analgesic as ordered (Ketorolac). After nursing intervention the patient pain level decreased to 4/10 scale, the patient can verbalized the heath teaching and she’s better now. Recommendation As a nurse advice and encourage the patient to visit OPD for her follow-up check-up, and advise to take the medications on time if any, and encourage ambulation as a form of exercise for fast wound healing. Render health teaching, and remind the patient about her diet as physician’s order.

The Average Student Plan Essays

The Average Student Plan Essays The Average Student Plan Essay The Average Student Plan Essay Having looked at various other methods of data collection I have come to the conclusion that I will base my work on the average student. Firstly I think it is appropriate that I define what the average student actually is. There are different interpretations as to what an average student is, for adults perhaps teachers they may base their ideas as to what the average student is on exam results. Other people may believe the average student is based on what sports they play, what genre of music they listen to or what type of books they read. However for the data collection I will be carrying out I will base my data on a students physical attributes, as this will enable me to use higher-level maths techniques, which will be later explained. Due to limitations in working time I have decided to focus on recording just the height and weight of males and females. I have decided to focus on height and weight because they are continuous data therefore it will be possible to apply higher-level maths techniques. Another reason for selecting this data collection is that the data is easily accessible. There are two hundred and seven pupils in my year and obtaining their measurements will not be a problem. I will hopefully have the opportunity to compare my results with the National Data from the Child Growth Foundation (1996), which my teacher has recommended we find and use because using this I will be able to compare upper and lower quartiles and the medians. Firstly my aim is to research and discover some hypotheses about an average student using statistical techniques. The three hypotheses I have selected will be later explained For my coursework I have the opportunity to select from four methods of sampling. Not all sampling methods will fit with my data collection as some may affect the reliability of the results. The term given to this is bias meaning if an item in a population does not have an equal selection opportunity from a sample, it is said to be bias. An example of this that I am aware of and may occur in my collection is, from a population of forty there would have to be twenty males and twenty females for it to be fair. If it were any different to this then it would be bias. Here are the four methods of sampling I can choose from when carrying out my data collection. Systematic Sampling An example of this sample would be the selection of a 10% sample by going through the population picking every tenth item or individual. The disadvantage of this method is this would only provide a representative sample if the population was arranged in a random way and not in a way that might introduce bias. Information taken from OCR Graduated Assessment Stages 910 Textbook. Attribute Sampling The selection of the sample is made by choosing attribute such as head size and height from a list of people on the basis of their birthday being the first of the month and trying to identify any relationship between the two. Stratified or quota sampling The population is divided into strata or subgroups and the sample chosen to reflect the properties of these subgroups. An example of this would be if a population contained three times as many people under the age of 25 as over 25 then the sample should also contain three times as many people under 25. Information taken from OCR Graduated Assessment stages 910 Textbook. Random Sampling This is when there is no knowledge about a populations characteristics, for example any knowledge about the ages and gender in the population. In this case a sample has to be selected on the basis that all items are equally likely to be chosen. To ensure the sample is random and as accurate as possible the sampling must be repeated several times and then have the results averaged. The sample I have decided to use is systematic and random sampling this is because it would save a lot of time because my population is of two hundred people. In addition to this I have decided to work out an average using a percentage of the population. I have decided to use twenty percent, forty people, twenty males and twenty females to ensure it is a fair test. The hypotheses I will be investigating will be, * You would assume that as heights increase so to will weights. * You would think that on average boys are heavier than girls. * You would think that on average boys are taller than girls. Having these hypotheses I will be able to test the relationship between height and weight and also to compare the results for males and females. When comparing genders I will be using cumulative frequency, histograms, standard deviation and normal distribution. Once I have obtained my results I will transfer them to a spreadsheet so I can clearly set my results out. I will select the pupils I need for my investigation, twenty males and twenty females and measure their height and weight. I considered working with another person to help me but I believe I can work just as well on my own and still be as accurate. Each pupil in the sample will be treated the same this is to avoid an unfair investigation. When measuring height and weight each person in the sample will remove their shoes as this increases height and weight. I am aware that there will be complications through the investigation for example I need to check equipment in case they are slightly inaccurate. Perhaps other mistakes such as the student moving slightly will alter the readings and therefore not providing true results. I intend to be as accurate as possible and consistent with my recordings treating each student the same. Once my data has been recorded it then has to be sorted in order, firstly I will separate the data into genders and by using spreadsheets on the computer I can arrange the data into ascending order therefore when I use Cumulative Frequency Graphs I will be able to find the range numbers easily. I will be able to compare the different sets of results and from this point highlight any potential anomalies. With the results I obtain I have the opportunity to compare my results to the National Data. The appropriate average differentiates with graph work for example with Cumulative Frequency I will be working with median however I can compare this value with the mean data and comment on the graph distributions. Once I have the collected data I will then look back to my hypotheses and determine whether or not I was correct. As I mentioned earlier I will attempt to use higher-level maths techniques. I will be using Pearsons Product Movement Correlation Coefficient to test for any relationships between data. I will also include evidence of Cumulative Frequency diagrams and Box Plots as an attempt to prove any relationships between sets of data. I will also be using Histograms and Standard Deviation to find certain things such as the spread about the mean and using these values to compare with each set of results.

Importance of reward and resourcing within human resource Essay

Importance of reward and resourcing within human resource - Essay Example The importance of human resource has increased all over the world after rapid industrialization n early 20th century. Different management styles and techniques have been introduced to manage styles. Human resource management is also received much attention with scholars and researchers trying to find insights into better ways of managing the human capital in an organization. Reward and resourcing are basic functions of a human resource department. It is vital to find the right people in order to achieve organizational goals and retaining them through reward system is equally essential. In this essay we will talk about the relative importance of reward and resourcing in overall role of human resource function. Different theories of reward will be discussed along side with the relationship between reward resourcing. The tough global business environment has increased the need of human resource management in giving an organization competitive edge over other companies. The role of rewa rd and resourcing in providing companies competitive edge will be specifically discussed. Importance of Reward and Resourcing Human resource management involves finding the right people for the right job but it is also important to provide employees everything they need in order to retain them for a longer period of time. In all industries and sectors employees are the most valuable asset of a company. Success and failure of any company is dependent on its employees. For this reason it is vital that a reward structure is established that provides employees with an opportunity to excel and in turn motivates them to work harder for the company. Employee retention is very important because of the high costs linked to recruitment. Also additional training will be required for the new employees. These costs are becoming a nightmare for companies all over the world. Reward and resourcing are also important because employees have some needs that should be fulfilled. These needs are not alw ays monetary but are non monetary as well. Encouragement and admiration can seriously affect an employee in continuing with the same company. If an employee things that he is being well taken care of then he will also deliver. Reward and resourcing is therefore extremely vital. Selection of employees and job design are important elements of resourcing. These are essential because finding the right person for the right jobs is important or else the company will suffer. Jobs should also be designed keeping in mind the human needs of employees. Selection and recruitment of employees is important especially in services industries and in considered among the top three issues in human resource management (D'Annunzio-Green, N. 2004). For determining appropriate reward structure appraisal of employees is also essential. It forms the basis on which a particular reward or incentive is given to an employee. This is a how resourcing and reward are interlinked. Through performance appraisal one will identify who is worthy of a reward. It is also important to provide incentive to employees in order to retain them. Selection procedure is also related to reward because through benefits and pay structure employees are attracted towards employee. This is how resourcing and reward are related to each other. Theories of Reward &Resourcing and their Relative Importance In this section the possible benefits and short comings of different theories and perspectives on reward and resourcing will be discussed. The relative importance of reward and resourcing will be highlighted with the help of these theories. There can be two types of recruitment namely internal and external recruitment. Internal recruitment involves hiring people from the company and external recruitment involves hiring people from outside the company. The potential advantage of internal recruitmen

Architecture Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Architecture Building - Essay Example The association would therefore facilitate the construction of modern structures that portrayed the social, political and economic features of Germany as a developed and industrial state in Europe. The move would help portray German’s culture in the constructions besides marking historical landmarks through the construction iconic structures. The association sought to influence the design of structure in the country by first developing a school of designers. This way, the collage would help develop successive architects, designers, artists and engineers who would thus typify and pass on the design dictates of the association thus marking a revolution in the design and portrayal of German’s culture in its buildings. The association developed Bauhaus school of design with the view of establishing a partnership between product manufacturers and design professionals thus influencing and facilitating the development of modern buildings that would not only remain relevant and appropriate for longer but also depict the country’s culture thus competing favorably against other developed states (Cuff 41). Kollhoff Tower is one of the most iconic structures in Berlin. Stretching a height of more than one hundred meters and covering a base of more than two hundred and fifty meter square, the gigantic structure houses modern day commercial offices. The design and subsequent construction of the structured followed the patterns propagated by the modernist movement in the country. Constructed in 1994, the structure has stood the test of time and remains relevant and appropriate for use in the contemporary Berlin (Killen 41). This implies that the designers of the structure considered specific structural factors and infused effective technology in the construction of the structure thus earning it the position it represents in the modern day Berlin. From the design pattern to the facade of the structure, the building portrays some uniqueness that possibly ex hibits the cultural features in the German society. Germany is indeed a developed society and being a member state of the European Union, the country permits free interaction among its citizens and those from other countries within the region. Culture is a dynamic concept that refers to people’s way of life. As explained earlier, German is a cosmopolitan society with millions of immigrants. Kollhoff Tower on the other has a unique design that exhibits specific cultural features. The features infuse both the traditional and specific German cultures and the new aspects of modernism. The design of the building for example considered the need for subsequent renovation of the structure in order to sustain its relevance in the constantly changing society. Through constant renovation and incorporation of subsequent designs in the structure, German engineers succeeded in installing the fastest passenger elevator in the building travelling at a top speed of four hundred and ninety two meters per minute (Schwartz 66). This implies that the elevator can reach the highest floor of the twenty-five story building in two minutes. Such is a feature of the post modernism culture that seeks to improve convenience and the ease of accessing skyscrapers. While the association of architectures existed way before the design and construction of the structure, the Kollhoff Tower exhibits some of their preliminary demands. Key among such was the need for a structure to remain unique. Architecture is

Attracting and Retaining Talented Personnel Assignment

Attracting and Retaining Talented Personnel - Assignment Example ys in which restructuring human resource induce positive effects on an organization is through aligning the organization’s structure and its resources towards its needs, a factor that facilitates achievement of objectives. Restructuring may also help an organization to eliminate its redundant section of human resource and therefore reduce unnecessary expenses. It however has adverse effects on employees who may be separated from their developed work partners or may be forced to perform tasks that they do not like or they are not perfect in. This may demoralizes employees and reduce productivity levels. It is also important that companies be open to having a diversified workforce because this attracts diversified skills and potentials and therefore promotes creativity and innovation in organizations. A diversified workforce also identifies with many societies and therefore promotes an organization’s image within those societies whose members are part of the organizationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s human resource (Anthony, Kacmar and Perrewe, 2010). Establishing a marketing team in an expanding organization is an example of restructuring human resource because it involves a change in structure. Such a development is likely to increase an organization’s sales level my exploring and capturing new markets. Recruitment of sales personnel from the target population segments is further likely to enhance success in sales as the locals establish a stronger link between the organization and the target population than strangers to the societies

Tourism Impact Studies Toward The Society Tourism Essay

Tourism Impact Studies Toward The Society Tourism Essay Tourism is often referred as the worlds largest industry and look upon as a means of achieving community development (Sharpley, 2002). According to the World Tourism Organisation (2009), tourism is one of the worlds fastest growing industry and one of the global engines of development. One of the most popular issues of tourism is tourism impact studies toward the society. The understanding of communitys perceptions on tourism impacts is important. The main reason for this study was to know, the increasing support that tourism bring both positive and negative impacts on local communities life. Different perception from different residents can give insight into the nature and degree of tourism impacts towards the respective tourist destination. The community perceptions on tourism impacts are likely to be an important planning for successful community development (Ko Stewart, 2002). 2.1 Social Conflict Theory The social conflict theories perceive society as providing a setting that creates conflicts and changes. In fact, this approach laid importance on equality and come across the degree to which factors like race, ethnicity, gender and age are connected to unequal distribution of money, power, and social prestige. (Macionis, 2000). Equation engaged a number of cases where communities are involved in struggling with tourism developments. Social change strengthen by challenges of tourism can be negative as well as positive. Indeed the positive example described above went through set-backs and conflicts as part of the process. However, in several cases, increased conflict is more than a momentary jinx. Conflict has arisen both within and between communities. 2.2 Aspects of Conflict Therefore, by discarding the fact that society functions to encourage solidarity and social consensus, conflict theorists put onward that society is about competition for scarce resources. This competition is replicated in the social institutions themselves and allows some people and organizations to have more resources and maintain their power and influence in society. Moreover, residents may experience a sense of elimination and isolation over planning and development concerning the village and they may even endure a loss of control over the community future as outsiders seize over the new development and establishment. Hotels built in massive quantity or restaurants with standardized franchise designs might collide with local standards and disrupt the aesthetic appearance of the community, harm the unique community character, and spread equality. Furthermore, since the tourism industry has developed, there have been an increasing number of incidents whereby local people are denied access to their traditional rights of use to beaches, land and sea. The locals often allege that they are chased away from their lands and are denied their exclusive rights. The farmers are compelled to move away from their original farms as soon as the area is earmarked for tourism development. 2.3 Doxeys Irridex Model Doxeys created a theoretical model in 1975, which has come to be considered as one of the most significant contribution to tourism literature. The Doxeys Irridex Model affirms that an increase in the numbers of tourists and a more developed tourism industry at the destination results in irritation in the community. In other words, this can show the way to incongruity of the local people and the guest. This irritation can take the form of unfriendly behavior personified as resentment from the local community towards tourism. In this case the perception of the residents varies from euphoria (a feeling of happiness or comfort) to apathy when locals start losing interest in tourism; to annoyance after the numbers of tourist and the unfavorable impacts have increased; and finally antagonism (a generation of hostile reaction against tourism) (Cordero 2008). 2.4 Butlers Tourism Destination Lifecycle Model Butlers Tourism Destination Lifecycle Model (2006) proposed that every tourist destination experience similar stages of development: exploration involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, decline and/or rejuvenation. Figure 1: Butlers Tourism Destination Lifecycle Model (Source: Butler 1980) The primary stage in the destination lifecycle begins with small numbers of tourists who visit the area steadily due to limitation such as accessibility to the area. The numbers of tourist increases as development take several forms depending on such factors as the availability of information, marketing activities in the area and the existence of various services and facilities. The numbers of tourists then begin to decline because of the destination reaching its full carrying capacity. Butlers model has been supported by scholars such as Akis (1996); it has been contradicted by others such as Dyer (2007). Both Butlers Destination Lifecycle Model and Doxeys Irridex Model are limited by their unidirectional conceptualizations. 2.5 Aps Model For Understanding Residents Reactions According to Eagly (1993), attitude is defined as an emotional tendency that is articulated by evaluating a particular entity with some degrees of favor or disfavor. Development stages here are illustrated as embracement, tolerance, adjustment and finally withdrawal (Ap 1993). Similar to Doxeys and Butlers models, this model illustrates the way in which tourism development influences local peoples attitudes towards tourism. Embracement takes place when local people, especially those who benefit from tourism, accept it and feel positively about its impacts. In the tolerance stage, local people start feeling more of the impact of tourism. They become divided between being for or against tourism. Depending on the degree of their involvement in tourism, some of them adjust as per the adjustment stage while others do not. To end with, withdrawal takes place when local people can no longer deal with the impact of tourism and so their negative perceptions take over. 2.6 Social Exchange Theory Social exchange theory (SET), applied here, proposes that residents are akin to support tourism as long as the perceived benefits exceed the perceived costs. SET is supported on the principle that human beings are reward-seeking and punishment avoiding and that people are motivated to action by the expectation of profits (Skidmore, 1975). SET presumes that social relations engage exchange of resources among groups seeking mutual benefits from exchange relationships. There are a number of issues influencing residents attitudes towards tourism development related to its social, cultural, and environmental implications that have been studied using social exchange theory. SET is concerned with identifying the exchange of resources between parties in a dealings situation where the objects suggested for exchange have value, are measurable, and there is mutual dispensation of rewards and costs between actors (Ap, 1992; Madrigal,1995). From a tourism standpoint, SET hypothesizes that an individuals attitudes towards this industry, and ensuing level of support for its development, will be prejudiced by his or her valuation of resulting outcomes in the community. Exchanges must take place to have tourism in a community. Thus residents must enlarge and encourage it, and then serve the needs of the tourists. Some community residents obtain the benefits, while others may be negatively impacted. Social exchange theory advocates people estimate an exchange based on the expenses and profit incurred as a result of that exchange. An entity that makes out benefits from an exchange is likely to evaluate it positively; one that makes out costs is likely to evaluate it negatively. Thus, residents perceiving their benefiting from tourism are likely to view it positively, and visa versa. In general, we may end that residents are likely to contribute in an exchange if they believe that they are likely to gain benefits without incur ring unacceptable costs. If locals perceive that the benefits are greater than the costs, they are inclined to be involved in the exchange and, thus endorse future development in their community. 2.6 Tourism and Sustainability Sustainability, for tourism encompasses of three interconnected aspects: Socio Cultural, Economical and Environmental. Sustainability entails durability, so sustainable tourism embrace optimum use of resources, in concert with biological diversity; minimization of ecological, cultural and social impacts, and maximization of benefits to conservation and local communities. However, the promotion of tourism development in many circumstances often takes place without balancing short term economic other than priorities with longer-term environmental and socio cultural objectives. The tourism development study replicated highlights the importance of peoples participation throughout power sharing, social cohesion and knowledge enhancement (Prentice, 1993; Frumn, 1998; Timothy, 1999; Tosun, 2000; Mitchell and Reid, 2001). Therefore the justification of this study was to investigate the different type of conflicts and consequences arising from tourism in the village of Belle Mare. Tourisms socio cultural, economical and environmental impacts are example, from the perspective of the host community, of the problem caused by tourists. 2.7 Socio-Cultural Impacts of tourism The socio cultural impacts are changes occurring in the daily life of the society and the adaptation to the existence and operation of the tourism sector. Tourism has often been assessing for its negative socio cultural impacts, but all types of modern development bring socio cultural impacts. Socio-cultural amendment stimulated by tourism on host communities includes changes in conventional lifestyle, value systems, family relationships, individual behavior and community structure (Ratz 2000). They basically resulted from the cultural and economic differences between residents and tourists (Lavery, 1996; Crosby and Moreda, 1996). Evidence from numerous assessments of tourism impact reveals that tourism activity and development have both positive and negative impacts on local communities and their cultures. In simple term, Wolf (1977:3) states that socio cultural impacts are People Impacts; they refer to the positive and negative effects on the host population of their direct and ind irect connection with tourist. Socio-cultural impacts relay to changes in societal value systems, individual behavior, social relationships, lifestyle, and mode of expression and community structures. The focal point of socio-cultural impacts tends to be on the host community, i.e., the people who reside in tourist destinations, rather than the tourist-generating region. Mathieson and Wall (1982), state that socio-cultural impacts are the effect on the people of host communities, of their direct and indirect associations with tourists. The impacts of tourism on socio cultural aspect can be both positive and negative (Swarbrooke 1999). He argues that the negative or positive impacts are concluded in accordance of the factor such as the structure of the local community and its own culture. Thus the residents perception on the impacts can alter by factors such as age, education, gender, community attachment, and the reliance on tourism. With regard to community attachment, most studies have accomplished that the longer, a host has been resident in the area, the less they like tourism that is they are less attached to tourism (Jurowski 1997, Weaver 2001, McGehee and Andereck 2004). 2.7.1 Positive Cultural Impacts of Tourism Tourists want to welcome the uniqueness aspects of culture of various sections of the heterogeneous population that why they travel from one country to another. However, culture can be understood as the whole way of life that is fundamental for the survival of a specific group or people living in a specific society. Thus, culture can be the dominant values that give direction for the day-to-day activities of people in society, comprising of the symbolic values and beliefs, intellectual and artistic achievements, traditions and rituals as well as the dominant patterns of living. Arts and Handicrafts Tourism contributes in the protection of Archeological and Historical sites, Arts and Handicrafts, Customer and Traditions in our country. Special mention should be made to Arts and Handicrafts for tourism in Mauritius as it has paved the way for the success of this particular sector. The arts and Handicrafts sector produces a variety of souvenirs, with higher-quality carvings, and hand made Artifacts to please the demands of foreign visitors. In order to attract more tourists, architectural and historical sites are restored and protected (Inskeep, 1991; Liu and Var 1986). Souvenir is recognized as authentic memento of a particular place and is powerful signifiers of ideological meaning. It can be use as an aide memoire of a particular place; a symbols of certain cultures and religions and also as a reflex of social processes, interest and power relations. In certain societies the souvenir is important, not only as a cultural artifact but also as an analytic tool for understanding complex social processes. Culture Expression Tourism is the edge for cultural exchange, facilitating the communication between residents and guests (domestic and international). Apart from the economic benefits there are also outside contacts which draws the awareness to the community that is the resident want to intermingle with other culture, learn about other traditions and even meet with new perspectives of life and society. Tourism has brought villagers into closer contact with the outside world; residents come into contact with ideas of the wider world, partly by having conversation with tourists. Tourism also helps to encourage interest in, and conserve aspects of, the hosts cultural heritage, which contribute for additional income for the destination as well as for the individuals and local business. Moreover, many people of different cultures come together by means of tourism facilitating the exchange of cultures (Brayley et al, 1990). Tourism in general is an experience driven industry, and local culture is a sole experience, than building attractions. The further one makes out and learns about a destination or its culture the more satisfying the experience will be. Tourism also helps to encourage a sense of community pride when tourists visit a specific location for a reason. Nonetheless, community pride is normally transmitted into economic prosperity. Well-groomed village and well-maintained facilities help visitors to feel welcome and can contribute to community pride. 2.7.2 Negative Cultural Impacts of Tourism Negative socio cultural impacts are the result of direct contact and the demonstration effect. Tourism has been criticized because it generates anxiety and it can be a source of inter-generational stress. There are also other instances where cultural tourism has resulted in the commercialization of customs and traditional ceremonies. As stated by McNaughton (2006), tourism has the potential to create inequality and social tension. Sing-Cheong (2007) state that the tourism industry and globalizations are crossing borders between nations and cultures, resulting in many socio-cultural consequences. Trivialization It refers to the revolutionized facets of culture into a commercialized form of entertainment for tourist. A very well-known example of trivialization refers to the sega in Mauritius. The sega is mostly being sung by the slaves to grieve for their loss of freedom and taking them away from their homes or loved one. But today it has become a commercialized form of entertainment performed in an elegant style by professional groups in Hotels and Restaurants. The customary musical instrument The Maravanne, The Ravanne, The tambourine, and The Triangle have been replaced by sophisticated modern instruments with a view to develop culture. The sega has lost its natural beauty; they turned out to stimulate the inner feelings of the tourists. Religious Conviction Sacred places such as, Grand Bassin, Cathedrale Saint Louis, Le Temple Kaliamen (Kalaysson), La Jummah Mosquee, Le Marie Reine De La Paix and Le tombeau De Pere Laval are famous religious visiting sites in Mauritius. Important issues to be noted here is that tourists in Mauritius are free to visit any religious shrines. But when visiting all these holy places, they are not properly dressed that is they wears shorts, miniskirts, and no removal of shoes at the temple and mosques. Tourist Behavior Tourists often, out of ignorance or carelessness, fail to respect local customs and moral values, when they take a quick snap shot of the labourer or fisherman without asking their permission. When they do so, they can bring about irritation and stereotyping and can also invade the local peoples lives. Social Evils The relationship between tourism and crime is hard to ascertain. According to Doxey, 1975, tourism may also be related to an increased in crime, drugs, and prostitution and beyond a certain volume it can be a source of antagonism. Tourism may also lead to a decline in moral values, invokes use of alcohol and drugs; increase crime rates and tension in the community (Liu and Var 1986; Milman and Pizam 1988). But crime rates naturally increase with the growth and urbanization of an area. The existence of large number of tourists with lots of money to spend, increases the attraction for criminals and brings with it activities like robbery and drug dealing. The commercial sexual exploitation of children and young women has paralleled the growth of tourism. Belle-Mare has become a victim of this act as apartments are being rent on a timely basis. Nevertheless tourism is not the cause of sexual exploitation; it provides easy access to it. Loss of Control over Community Future The main collisions of the tourist host relationship are the demonstration effect, when the local people manners are modified in order to imitate tourists. Youth are particular prone to demonstration effect particularly in term of changing dress behavior, spending extravagantly on consumption and so on. As such tourist host interaction constitutes only one factor for change in attitudes, values or behavior. There are also other major agents who lead to the demonstration effects such as radio, internet, print media, increased traveling, television and videos. Access to Resources Though Mauritius has a number of potential inland attractions, beach visitation remains a popular leisure activity of Mauritians. The spreading out of hotels and campement along the coastline has snatched away the rights of the citizens to walk freely or enjoy the attractiveness of their beaches. They are even forced to move away from their original farms as soon as the area is earn marked for tourism development. The residents are as such not against tourist but rather against the restriction. The local people express a feeling of fear and frustration as the village of Belle Mare is developing rapidly and this will impinge further Right of Future Generation. 2.8 Economic Impacts of tourism The most prominent benefits used to promote tourism development are the economic benefits that communities can anticipate to derive from tourism activity. Thus tourism was encouraged first because of its economic impacts. Tourism is an engine for generating a range of new private and public income opportunities. Tourism is an industry with enormous economic impacts The most immediate and direct benefit of tourism development is the creation of jobs and the opportunity for people to increase their income and standard of living in local communities. Hence local communities turn to tourism as a means of raising income, increase employment and living standards (Akis et al., 1996). These impacts are obvious as tourists interact with the local economy, and community. The economic impacts of tourism are the most widely researched impacts of tourism community (Mason, 2003). Economic impacts are easier to research in local community because it is small and generally easier to assess. The impa ct can either be positive, beneficial, or negative and detrimental to local community. Tourism can have positive economic effects on local economies, and are visible impact on national GDP growth. It could also an essential component for both community development and poverty reduction (Ashe, 2005). The economic impacts of tourism are therefore, generally perceived positively by the residents (Tatoglu et al., 2000). Economic impacts are one of the most researched areas of tourism. As Pearce (1989) put out: Studies of the impact of tourist development on a destination or destinations have been the largest single element of tourism research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦much of this is predominantly the work of economists and has concentrated on the effects of income and employment. Hence economic impacts are associated to and cannot be easily alienated from other types of impacts. All economic developments pertaining to tourism have effects on the society, economy and the environment. 2.8.1 Positive Economic Impacts of Tourism Tourism has been a milestone in the development of Mauritian economy. Our country has passed through several distinct phases and in the process, has successfully diversified from a Monocrop culture highly dependent on the Export of sugar into Manufacturing, Tourism and Financial sector. Contribution to GDP The National income or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the most important measures of the pecuniary consequences of Tourism. As the largest component of tourism industry, hotels and restaurants, inevitably reflects a fair idea of overall tourism contribution on the economy. Data from the Bank of Mauritius indicate that gross tourism receipts for the first nine months of 2010 were Rs 28,167 million, i.e. an increase of 9.7% compared to Rs 25,685 million for the same period of 2009, (Table 1). Increase Opportunities for Shopping Another argument for the growth of tourism industry is that it gives local people the opportunity for more shopping. This is so because with the development of tourism, there are more and more shopping centers, supermarket, shops, restaurants and many other business units which are setting up in Belle Mare, as providing them with first class services for both the local as well for the foreigners. Employment Opportunities Tourism as a highly labour intensive service industry offers a wide range of Direct Employment and Indirect Employment. Also, tourism helps out to generate employments (e.g., Ahmed Krohn, 1992; Backman Backman, 1997; Milman Pizam, 1987; Var Kim, 1990). With the setting up of different hotels, restaurants, bungalows, shopping centers, supermarkets and many other businesses in Belle Mare, have help to reduce the unemployment problem. According to the survey of Employment and Earnings conducted by the Central Statistics Office, direct employment in hotels, restaurants and travel and tourism establishments employing 10 persons or more stood at 27,161 at the end of March 2010 showing an increase of 0.6% over the figure of 27,002 for March 2009. Of this number, 20,847 or 76.8% were engaged in hotel, (Table 2). Improve Transport, Infrastructures and Public Utilities The development or improvement of infrastructure constitutes an essential economic impact of tourism development in Mauritius. Urbanization caused by rapid development of tourism might improve governmental and local services such as police station, fire station and security (Milman and Pizam 1988). Usually the gains from infrastructural investment leads to good electricity, water network supply, improvements of roads networks and modernization of Airport are widely shared by other economic sector, tourist and hosts of the country 2.8.2 Negative Economic Impacts According to Schianetz, Kavanagh and Lockington (2007), while tourism provides financial benefits, it can also generate negative effects in other areas. An impact of tourism is generally evaluated negatively, it is concern for the welfare of the community as a whole and cooperation among its citizens is decreased markedly as tourism increases and incomes rise. Rise in Price The very expansion of tourism development has increased land values especially in some coastal tourist village. Increasing demand for accommodation, especially in tourism seasons, might push up the rents as well as the land prices for building new houses and hotels (Pizam 1978; Var et al, 1985). For example, lands for residential development in Belle-Mare were sold in 1987 at an average price of hundreds per square meter but in 2010 the land valued is within millions per square meter. Tourism is yet only one factor for escalation in the land values-speculative attitudes have been endangered by the increasing influence of the host population and by a realization that land is a scarce resource in small island Mauritius are potential significant factors to take into consideration. Cost of Living Negative economic impacts highlighted by an increase in the price of goods and services have been alleged by residents in several surveys (Belisle Hoy, 1980; Keogh, 1989; Pizam, 1978; Tosun, 2002; Weaver Lawton, 2001). Tourism is a contributor to inflation by preempting supplies, leading to higher prices of consumer items especially fresh fruits and vegetables, and fresh fish in tourist zone. Even Liu and Var (1986) argue that the price of goods and services might go up with the increased demand from foreign customers. Resident argues Belle-Mare has become very expensive, with the same price charged to resident and tourist alike. There exist a feeling of frustration and irritation among residents of tourist zone who felt deprive of some consumer items. Imported goods There are other short-term economic costs that may result from tourism. If tourism growth is largely dependent on imported goods and services, there is a risk that existing local production may be hit adversely. This effect can be particularly noteworthy if demonstration effect results in the local population, copying tourists and increasing their consumption of imported goods and services rather than domestically produced ones. Infrastructure Cost The development of tourism can cost the local government and local taxpayers a great deal of money. Developers will rely on the government to improve the airport, roads and other infrastructure, and other financial advantage, which are costly activities for the government and they will only enjoy the benefits. Public resources spent on the financing of infrastructure may trim down government investment in other artificial areas such as education and health 2.9 Environment Impact in Tourism The environment is being increasingly recognized as a key factor in the tourism sector. In the last decade of the twentieth century, it has been noted that tourism depends ultimately upon the environment, as it is a major tourism attraction itself, or in the context in which tourism activity take place (Holden, 2000). Tourism and the environment are directly linked since the idea of tourism is based completely on mans desire to get out and experience nature. The term environment is often assumed to be only the physical or natural features of a landscape but according to swarbrooke, 1999, there are five aspect of the environment, namely, the natural environment, wildlife, the farmed environment, the built environment and natural resources. Among these, each component are linked together. If tourism is not well planned it can result in the following consequences for the environment: Land Resources Since there is a rapid development in the tourism sector, there is a high use of land resources to cater for the demand of recreational facilities as well as construction of tourism accommodation and other infrastructure and consequently the natural landscape is threatened through deforestation. Sewage and Littering The construction of hotels, recreation and other facilities often leads to increase sewage and littering. Waste water has polluted seas and rivers surrounding tourist attractions, damaging the flora and fauna. There is also wide use of toxic pesticides on the beaches to control sand files and other pests. The chemical ends up in the sea in a very short time, thus sewage and littering can degrade the physical appearance of the water and cause the death of marine animals. Pollution Besides the consumption of large amounts of natural and other local resources, the tourism industry also generates considerable air, noise and sea pollution, which can be detrimental for the residents living in the locality. 2.10 Conclusion Thus we can say that in Mauritius, a more appropriately planned tourism development process is needed which would spread both costs and benefit more equitably as well as be more sensitive to the social and cultural impacts. This would not only reduce for local residents to trade off their quality of life and social costs for economic growth, but would also contribute to having more broadly based positive attitude towards tourism (Mansfield 1992). A larger proportion of the local population should benefit from tourism, rather than merely bearing the burden of its costs. Manu analysts call for greater local participation in the tourism sector to permit a more equitable distribution of costs and benefits (Blank 1989)

A Woman’s Place in Society Explored in Marge Piercy’s Barbie Doll Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society has a way of placing unrealistic expectations on women. By using television, magazines, billboards, and even toys we see a mold of what women are supposed to look like. In other words the perfect woman should look like a Barbie Doll. In Marge Piercy’s, â€Å"Barbie Doll,† we find a girl child growing up through the adolescence stage characterized by appearances and barbarity. Piercy uses lots of imagery to describe the struggles the girl experiences during her teenage years and the effects that can happen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first stanza we see the beginning of an ideal image being stained in the girls mind. She was â€Å"...presented dolls that did pee-pee and miniature GE ovens and irons and wee lipsticks the color of cherry candy† (2-4). By being presented these gifts the girls parents have already instilled a visualization of what the perfect woman is like and the girl is already learning her place in society. The poem was written in 1936. In this day and age women were still seen as objects and not really people. Their place was in the kitchen and taking care of the kids. Piercy has painted an image to the reader of a little girl playing with toy stoves and irons and wearing red lipstick to make herself pretty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tone of the poem takes a turn toward a more bold statement when the author uses â€Å"...the magic of puberty† (5) to describe the age where appearance comes into effect. The girl was insulted by a classmate who made humiliating comments about her nose and...